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(2013) Question 25: What issues are encountered when introducing cracked naphthas into units that were not originally designed for the higher olefin content? What other contaminants should be considered when making this change in operation, e.g., silicon, nitrogen, and sulfur?

There are many potential issues. The single most obvious one is the heat released due to the olefins. You must make sure you can handle the heat release without coking up the reactor. You also have a higher risk of furnace fouling or coking in the furnace.
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(2013) Question 26: How will the ISO 8217 Marine Fuel Oil Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) specification (less than 2 ppm H2S in the liquid phase) affect refiners? Do any refiners plan to implement the standard, and what procedural or equipment changes are likely needed in order to meet the specification?

Simply put, refiners will be required to meet the ISO 8217 2 ppm H2S specification if they are going to sell fuel oil to customers who have requirements to meet this specification. ISO 8217 is a fuel specification, not a regulation. A regulation is enforced by some regulatory organization.
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(2013) Question 27: What options are refiners considering addressing upcoming Tier 3 Fuel Standards [10 wppm (weight parts per billion) annual average sulfur in gasoline]?

Tier 3 fuel is lowering sulfur yet again in gasoline. The crude oil sulfurs have been coming down also with the tight oil, so some people have asked the question: Is processing more tight oil actually going to get us on-spec on Tier 3? The answer is no, not really. It is not going to have that significant of an impact on your gasoline sulfurs, obviously, without other processing.
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(2013) Question 28: Is the changing quantity of pentanes and pentenes in refinery streams and tightening gasoline regulations leading to operators considering different processing strategies in order to maintain gasoline blend pool specifications? Comment on increased pentene alkylation, decreased pentane isomerization, or other disposition sources.

The pentenes, also called amylenes, can be fed to the alkylation unit and be alkylated. However, you make a lot of ASO (acid-soluble oil) and the yield is not that great; so, most people prefer not to do it. We do not alkylate our amylenes at the moment.
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